Dinasti Buwayhid (al-Mustakfi hingga al-Qaim)

Membaca sejarah Abbasid akan kita ketemu berbagai dinasti yang muncul ketika pemerintahan kekhalifan tersebut. Antaranya adalah Buwayhid. Golongan Buwayhid mendominasi kuasa khalifah ketika khalifah al-Mustakfi (r.944-946) hinggalah al-Qaim (1031-1075) Berikut sedikit info tentang Buwayhid yang di extract dari sebuah tesis MA Durham Uni.

When the ‘Abbasid Caliphate was weak many minor dynasties had sprung up all over the Caliphate. We have already seen two Turkish dynasties in Egypt, Tulunis and ‘Ikhshids. In the East of the Empire there was a new dynasty. A Daylamite called Mirdawij had overthrown the ‘Alid Zaydites ruling in Tabaristan on the southern bank of the Caspian Sea, and made himself independent. In his service was his countryman, Buwayh, father of the three brothers who had established their dynasty in the Eastern province and in Iraq.

Ali bin Buwayh was governor of Karaj, south east of Hamadan. In 1932 he revolted against his Suzerai’n (Mawla) and occupied Isfahan after driving out Caliph Qahir’s garrison. Mirdawij was still able to punish the rebels and drove them out of the city to return the cit y to the Caliph. During this time ‘Ali was able in alliance with his brothers al-Hasan and ‘Ahmad, to extend his power in Iran. In 934 he conquered Shiraz and set up his residence. His brother, al-Hasan, was advancing on Media when Mirdawij was assassinated by his Turkish troops in 935, while the third brother, ‘Ahmad, had already conquered Kirman.

These disturbances in the east of the empire had affected the regime in Baghdad. The conditions there had become ripe for Buwayhid intervention. Al-Muttaqi, the successor of Al-Hadi, had been merely a plaything in the hands of the generals. He entered into negotiations with the ‘Ikhshid of Egypt, trying to avert the danger of his generals and rulers. The Turk, Amir Tusun, would not let him do that; he seized him and had him blinded.

Muttaqi’s son and successor, al-Mustakfi, was equally powerless. He could neither satisfy the troops’ demands for pay, nor ward off the famine threatening Baghdad. Al-Mustakfi thought it worthwhile to look towards this new power coming the East for assistance. He welcomed the Buwayhid ‘Ahmad, who was advancing westward from Kirman, as a saviour. He was able to seize Wasit after a battle with al-Baridi and Tusun. In December 945 he entered Baghdad. The Caliph designated him as ‘Amir al-‘Umara’ with the honorary title of Mu’iz ad-Dawlah.

However, soon afterwards,the Buwayhid took firm control. They began to show it, when they made al-Mustakfi succumb to the fate of his ancestors and accused him of having dealt with the enemies of the Buwayhid.

His successors, al-Mu’ti (946-974), al-Ta’i (974-991) and al-Qadir (991-1003), were still merely puppets of the Buwayhids. In facts they were powerless having to be content with right of the coinage, still minted in their name, and the Friday sermon which mentioned them as rulers. However, they could not keep their dynasty firm. They could only maintain their power in interminable skirmishings with the Arab tribes of Mesopotamia, and with the mountain people of Iran who were showing increasing inclination to revolt. Although the Buwayhid Dynasty had been able to maintain its power through these interminable skirmishings, they could not maintain peace. Hasan, son of ‘Adud ad-Dawlah, in 976 wrested the territories of all his brothers and cousins away from them and united Iran and Iraq under his rule. This power had already dissolved in 983 as a result of the contentions of his son. In 1029 Kajd ad-Dawlah bn Fakhr ad-Dawlah, the ruler of the eastern provinces, was removed by the Turk, Mahmud bin Subuktigin; in 1055 al-Malik al-Rahim, the ruler of Iraq was removed also by Seljuq Tughril Beg. Both Majd ad-Dawlah and al-Malik al-Rahim ended their lives in prison.

Sebuah buku mengenai Buwayhid

[The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq 945-1012 CE]

– – – – –